How To Extend Sleeve Lifetime Cost Effectively
Shot sleeve function is to hold molten aluminium while its being pushed into the die by the plunger. Usually, it’s made using various types of hot work-tool steels, ranging from 1.2343/H11, 1.2344/H13 to 1.2367, and nitrided to ensure wear resistance.
Casting process wise it is important that plunger consistently moves through the sleeve, while seal between the shot sleeve and the plunger is ensured.
With constant temperature changes and components’ thermal expansion during casting cycle, the gap between the plunger and the sleeve is changing and in cases when it surpasses 0.1mm, the molten aluminum can flow by, form a compound and cause additional wear on both, the sleeve and the plunger. This results in extensive wear, premature failure and unplanned production stoppages.
55 %
Up to 55% longer lifetime
Effective management of the gap between the sleeve and the plunger mainly comes down to two areas, good thermal management of sleeve and plunger, and dimensional stability of the sleeve.
Below we discuss how to ensure maximum dimensional stability of the sleeve to assure optimal cost efficiency.
Sleeve warpage
At the beginning of the casting cycle, in the pouring phase, molten aluminium reaches temperatures between 650 and 700 °C and when it touches the bottom part of the sleeve, the thermal load is the highest and sleeve temperature can surpass 400°C. As aluminium only touches the bottom part of the sleeve at this point, the difference in temperatures between the bottom and top part of the sleeve in the area of the pouring hole can reach up to 150°C.
Sleeve temperatures in pouring phase
Such temperature difference leads to uneven thermal expansion in different areas of the sleeve. Over time, sleeve geometry gets distorted so it can become slightly oval instead of round or bowed through its length. This effect is also known as sleeve warpage, ski or banana effect.
The majority of die casting companies are facing the same challenge, wanting to maximize the lifespan of the sleeve and to ensure best dimensional stability throughout its operation while bringing down the costs.
COMMONLY USED SOLUTIONS
There are different approaches to prolonging sleeve lifespan and ensuring the best dimensional stability throughout its operation. Each casting machine is looked upon as a separate case, however, there are some common solutions that casters use.
Copper Plunger
Some of the casters use copper plungers because they have excellent thermal conductivity and at the same time lower hardness than steel made sleeves (180–260 HB that correlates to 18,5-26 HRc). We will discuss the thermal management of plungers in a separate document.
Using Cu plunger results in decreased sleeve wear, but doesn’t solve the uneven dimensional deformation of the sleeve.
HTS SOLUTIONS
Replaceable insert
Replaceable insert is used to protect the sleeve in the back, under the pouring hole, where the thermal load is the highest, especially in cases when erosion is the main problem. There are different kinds of inserts available nowadays, solid inserts, split inserts, tungsten inserts, etc...
The main challenge when using a replaceable insert is, that the front part of the sleeve gets worn out by aluminium throughout the operation, so precisely placing the inserts, gets more and more difficult with each insert replacement. Using a replaceable insert doesn’t eliminate the need to replace the sleeve eventually, but it does lower the sleeve change frequency.
Shot Sleeve with replaceable back insert
Thermoregulated Sleeve
Especially when it comes to medium and larger sleeve dimensions, cooling the sleeve minimizes temperature difference between various parts of the sleeve, resulting in less dimensional deformation.
In most cases finding an optimal ratio between cooling circuit positioning, sleeve thickness and assembly tolerances minimizes the warpage effect.
Using thermoregulated sleeves, casters expand the lifespan of both, the sleeve and the piston, but eventually, the wear of the nitration layer leads to sleeve replacement.
Replacing the sleeve causes long production stoppages and is costly, so there is a constant effort on how to increase the life span of the sleeve and bring down the cost of new sleeves.
Thermoregulated Shot Sleeve
Thermoregulated Sleeve with Integral Insert / Liner
In this case, the shot sleeve is bored to form an envelope and a special integral insert/liner which covers the whole length of the sleeve gets inserted into the envelope. As the sleeve never comes into direct contact with molten alloy, sleeve replacements are completely avoided.
Thermoregulated sleeve with integral insert/liner is often referred to as the win-win solution because on one hand the costs of inserts are lower than the costs of the sleeve and on other, some of the inserts available on the market also have a longer lifespan than conventional sleeves.
Thermoregulated Envelope with Integral Insert / Liner
As depicted below, the difference in usage between integral insert/liner and the conventional shot sleeve is that cost of envelope occurs only once, when integral insert solution is implemented and then, for each next replacement, only the insert/liner needs to be changed with a new one, while envelope remains unchanged.
Each of the discussed solutions brings sleeve lifespan improvement compared to the standard combination of steel plunger and sleeve without thermal regulation, however, the most cost-effective one is the usage of the thermoregulated envelope with integral insert. Using it eliminates
the need to replace the sleeve, enables optimal hardness of the insert and that results in an increased lifetime, as well as the lower frequency of production stoppages. Integral insert/liner is designed to be replaced quickly and with ease.
We will now take a closer look at HTS IC Thermoregulated envelope with integral insert, which is currently the most efficient solution on the market regarding the benefits its usage brings to die casters.
HTS Integral Insert / Liner
HTS integral insert/liner is a patented solution for sleeve cost optimization developed by HTS IC company Alrotec Technology. There are two main factors that make the HTS integral insert outperform other solutions available on the market: production technology of the insert/liner and own, especially developed alloy which it is made from.
Its usage has proven to bring certain advantages, such as:
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longer lifetime (on average 20% – 40% compared to conventional 1.2343 sleeves) of the sleve
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substantially lower frequency of shot sleeve replacements
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shorter production stoppages (quick replacement)
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substantially lower overall sleeve costs
Wear Resistance
An important thing to note is that using an integral insert/liner does not influence the outer dimensions of the envelope, so in most cases, there are no changes required to the existing layout.
Another great cost advantage of integral insert/liner is, that the initial investment into the envelope can be avoided by re-machining the existing sleeve (this is mostly possible in the cases of sleeves without thermal regulation. However, each sleeve should be treated as a seperate case).
Sleeves are most often manufactured using 1.2343 / H11, 1.2344 / H13 to 1.2367 tool steels and nitrided for better wear resistance.
When using an integral insert/liner, the envelope (sleeve) is never in direct contact with a molten alloy so it doesn’t need to be made using hot work tool steel. Instead, it can be made from prehardened tool steel, meaning that the cost of its production is lower compared to the conventional sleeve.
Having the envelope as a separate piece, the insert/liner can be engineered with a focus on lifetime increase and dimensional stability of all components. HTS IC has developed a special alloy and production technology for integral inserts which allows reaching a higher nitration layer hardness.
As seen in the graph above, in the case of HTS integral insert made with the special alloy, the nitration layer reaches a hardness of 1250 Hvickers. This is 25% more than in the case of 1.2343 / H11 made shot sleeve.
In order to compare the wear resistance of conventional 1.2343 / H11, 1.2344 / H13 and 1.2367 sleeves with HTS integral insert, laboratory tests in an internationally approved laboratory (Ceit Research Centre, member of Basque research & technology alliance) were carried out.
Samples of tested materials were compared in terms of linear dimension loss when exposed to conditions harsher than in-service.
Each of the samples was rotated in an aluminium bath at 800C, at 240 r.p.m. for 3 h in order to additionally accelerate the wear.
1.2367 Specimen wear measurement
Wear test results
| Steel Grade | Material Loss |
| 1.2343 (H11) | 3.000 |
| 1.2344 (H13) | 2.500 |
| 1.2367 | 1.800 |
| HTS IC alloy | 400 |
Laboratory test has indicated that combination of specially developed HTS alloy and harder nitration layer results in 87% less wear, compared to conventional 1.2343 / H11 made sleeve.
In-service performance
Several combinations were implemented in a real production environment of one of the largest EU based die casting companies. All of the combinations were tested on the same production line with a 120mm plunger and constant casting parameters, to ensure as comparable results as possible.
Following solution combinations were tested:
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Conventional sleeve made with 1.2343
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Thermoregulated sleeve made with 1.2343
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Thermoregulated envelop with an integral insert made with 1.2343 steel
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Thermoregulated envelop with an integral insert made with 1.2344 steel
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Thermoregulated envelope with an integral insert made with special HTS developed alloy
When comparing thermoregulated sleeve without insert and envelope with 1.2343 / H11 integral insert, the number of shots before the first replacement was 4% higher, because integral insert has higher hardness than the sleeve without insert (50.000 shots compared to 48.000 shots).
After replacing the 1.2343 / H11 insert with an insert that is produced from specially developed alloy and has a 25% harder nitration layer, the number of shots before 1st replacement has increased substantially, by 70%.
Production down-time
The longer in-service lifetime of the sleeve is directly reflected in less frequent planned production downtimes because its life span is longer. However, the integral insert also needs to be replaced.
Its design allows quick and efficient replacement directly on the machine (in the case of smaller machines) or with the use of a specially developed tool for larger machines.
OPTION 1
The first option for smaller machines is a specially designed plunger with an additional edge, that gets mounted on the rod and pushes the worn insert out of the envelope. The same logic is used for pushing the new insert into the envelope.
OPTION 2
The second option for smaller machines is a ring that is mounted to the rod when the integral insert need replacement. Similarly as with the plunger, it is used for both, pushing the integral insert out and replacing it with a new one by pushing it in.
OPTION 3
For larger machines, there is a specially designed tool, that enables quick replacement of the insert, but the envelope has to be dismounted from the casting machine first.
As seen on the left, a replacement tool can be used with pneumatic or electrical wrench (M 24) to push the integral insert out, right next to the casting machine. With as high as possible sleeve tempering during the integral insert replacement, the process is smoother.
Cost efficiency
Lower envelope production costs, extended integral insert lifetime and eliminated need for sleeve replacement all directly result in lower costs for the die caster.
Below are two different examples from HTS IC customers, comparing the two options:
- thermoregulated sleeve without integral insert
- combination of thermoregulated sleeve and integral insert
Sleeve Ø140 x Ø340 x L1006
Sleeve Ø170 x Ø349 x L1002
